Tardive dyskinesia is a serious condition characterized by involuntary muscle movements, often caused by long-term use of certain medications. Understanding which medications are linked to tardive dyskinesia is essential for prevention and management.
What Is Tardive Dyskinesia?
Tardive dyskinesia is a movement disorder that can develop after long-term use of certain medications, particularly antipsychotics. These medications are commonly used to treat mental health conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements of the body, most commonly the face, mouth, and limbs.1
The exact cause of tardive dyskinesia is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to changes in the brain’s dopamine pathways. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in controlling movement. Antipsychotic medications can block dopamine receptors in the brain, which can lead to an imbalance in dopamine levels and the development of tardive dyskinesia.
Tardive dyskinesia can range in severity from mild to severe. In mild cases, individuals may experience slight tremors or muscle twitches. In severe cases, individuals may have difficulty walking, talking, or eating. Tardive dyskinesia can also cause significant social and emotional distress.
Medication That May Cause Tardive Dyskinesia
The most common medications that may cause tardive dyskinesia are antipsychotics, which are used to treat mental health conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.2 Some of the antipsychotics that have been associated with an increased risk of tardive dyskinesia include:
- Haloperidol
- Chlorpromazine
- Loxapine
- Perphenazine
- Thiothixene
The risk of developing tardive dyskinesia increases with the duration of antipsychotic use and the higher the dosage. Other factors that may increase the risk of tardive dyskinesia include being elderly, female, and having a history of substance abuse.
How Is Tardive Dyskinesia Treated?
The primary treatment for tardive dyskinesia is to reduce or discontinue the use of the medication that is causing the condition. In some cases, other medications may be prescribed to help control the involuntary movements.
Other treatments for tardive dyskinesia may include:
- Physical therapy
- Occupational therapy
- Speech therapy
- Behavioral therapy
The goal of these treatments is to help individuals manage the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia and improve their quality of life.
Learn More About Tardive Dyskinesia
For more information about tardive dyskinesia, individuals can refer to the following resources:
- The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
- The American Psychiatric Association (APA)
- The Tardive Dyskinesia Association